Oct 28, 2025 · In this review, we define the gut–lung axis as the bidirectional communication between intestinal and respiratory systems mediated by microbial communities, metabolites, and immune signaling pathways. Oct 28, 2025 · In this review, we define the gut–lung axis as the bidirectional communication between intestinal and respiratory systems mediated by microbial communities, metabolites, and immune signaling pathways. In summary, the detrimental or protective effects of helminthiases on asthma and allergy depend on the parasite species, the duration of the infection, and the immunological context. In summary, the detrimental or protective effects of helminthiases on asthma and allergy depend on the parasite species, the duration of the infection, and the immunological context.